La organización administrativa del fútbol profesional

Actualmente, el fútbol es un deporte de masas que ha evolucionado mucho a lo largo de la historia llegándose a convertir en un autentico modo de vida, pero ello no implica que a su vez sea muy desconocida su faceta administrativa. Para evitar este matiz, se van a exponer a lo largo del trabajo una serie de informaciones y datos contrastados que nos ayudaran a desglosar mucho mejor esto, de donde proviene su regulación, por qué organismo se rige, su estructura, marco normativo, principios, competencias, sujetos, etc. Pese a ser un deporte tan practicado e importante en España, existe también mucho desconocimiento en las posibles infracciones que se pueden cometer y consecuentemente las correspondientes sanciones que acarrean, así como las posibilidades que tiene el sujeto pasivo a la hora de apelar ante el organismo correspondiente una sanción impuesta. Además, un tema tan actual, por desgracia, como es el dopaje y sus sanciones es de interesante lectura, ya que nos ayudará a concienciarnos de esta lacra y con ello poder mostrar los valores que este deporte transmite a la sociedad.Departamento de Derecho PúblicoGrado en Derech

Neuromuscular electric stimulation and manual passive stretching when recovering mechanical properties of immobilized gastrocnemius muscles

Avaliamos a influência da imobilização, remobilização livre, remobilização com alongamento passivo manual, remobilização com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (NMES) e remobilização por NMES e alongamento passivo manual associados sobre algumas propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio de ratas. Foram avaliadas 60 ratas divididas em seis grupos.Um destes grupos foi usado como controle. Todos os outros grupos tiveram o membro posterior direito imobilizado por 14 dias consecutivos. Destes grupos um foi imobilizado e em seguida avaliado, um foi liberado da imobilização e permaneceu nas gaiolas plásticas por 10 dias, outro foi submetido a técnica de alongamento passivo manual por 10 dias consecutivos, outro foi submetido a NMES por 10 dias consecutivos e o último foi submetido a NMES somado ao alongamento passivo manual por 10 dias consecutivos. Observamos que a imobilização reduziu os valores das propriedades mecânicas avaliadas no músculo. A remobilização livre não restabeleceu nenhuma das propriedades avaliadas. A remobilização por alongamento passivo manual devolveu ao músculo as propriedades de alongamento no limite de proporcionalidade, rigidez e resiliência. A remobilização estimulada por NMES restabeleceu todas as propriedades estudadas. A remobilização por NMES somada ao alongamento passivo restabeleceu as propriedades mecânicas de alongamento no limite máximo e de proporcionalidade e rigidez.We evaluated the influence of immobilization, free remobilization, remobilization with manual passive stretching, remobilization with neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) and remobilization with electric stimulation and associated passive stretching on some mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle of female rats. Sixty female rats were assessed, being distributed into 6 experimental groups. One of these groups served as control. The animals of the five remaining groups had their right posterior limb immobilized for 14 consecutive days. From the five groups, one was sacrificed right after the immobilization period, a second group was released from immobilization, a third was submitted to the manual passive stretching technique for 10 consecutive days, a fourth was submitted to NMES for 10 consecutive days and the last one was submitted to NMES and manual passive stretching for 10 consecutive days. We found that the immobilization caused a significant reduction of the mechanical properties values evaluated on the muscle. The free remobilization could not reestablish any of the properties. The remobilization by manual passive stretching restored the mechanical properties of stretching at the proportionality limit, stiffness and resilience. The remobilization stimulated by NMES reestablished all of studied properties. The remobilization by electric stimulation and passive stretching reestablished the mechanical properties of stretching at the maximum limit, proportionality limit, and stiffness

Prostaglandin E2 receptors in asthma and in chronic rhinosinusitis/nasal polyps with and without aspirin hypersensitivity

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and asthma frequently coexist and are always present in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Although the pathogenic mechanisms of this condition are still unknown, AERD may be due, at least in part, to an imbalance in eicosanoid metabolism (increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and reduced biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2), possibly increasing and perpetuating the process of inflammation. PGE2 results from the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, and seems to play a central role in homeostasis maintenance and inflammatory response modulation in airways. Therefore, the abnormal regulation of PGE2 could contribute to the exacerbated processes observed in AERD. PGE2 exerts its actions through four G-protein-coupled receptors designated E-prostanoid (EP) receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Altered PGE2 production as well as differential EP receptor expression has been reported in both upper and lower airways of patients with AERD. Since the heterogeneity of these receptors is the key for the multiple biological effects of PGE2 this review focuses on the studies available to elucidate the importance of these receptors in inflammatory airway diseases

In Vitro and In Vivo Validation of EP2-Receptor Agonism to Selectively Achieve Inhibition of Mast Cell Activity

Agonism of the prostaglandin E2 receptor, E-prostanoid receptor 2 (EP2), may represent an alternative protective mechanism in mast cell (MC)-mediated diseases. Previous studies have suggested that activation of the MC EP2 receptor prevents pathological changes in the murine models of allergic asthma. This work aimed to analytically validate the EP2 receptor on MCs as a therapeutic target. Murine MC lines and primary cultures, and MCs bearing the human immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor were subjected to IgE-mediated activation subsequent to incubation with selective EP2 agonists. Two molecularly unrelated agonists, butaprost and CP-533536, were tested either in vitro or in 2 in vivo models of allergy. The diverse range of MC populations was consistently inhibited through selective EP2 agonism in spite of exhibiting a heterogeneous phenotype. Such inhibition occurred in both mouse and human IgE (hIgE)-mediated activation. The use of molecularly unrelated selective EP2 agonists allowed for the confirmation of the specificity of this protective mechanism. This effect was further demonstrated in 2 in vivo murine models of allergy where MCs are a key to pathological changes: cutaneous anaphylaxis in a transgenic mouse model expressing the hIgE receptor and aeroallergen-induced murine model of asthma. Selective EP2 agonism is a powerful pharmacological strategy to prevent MCs from being activated through IgE-mediated mechanisms and from causing deleterious effects. The MC EP2 receptor may be an effective pharmacological target in allergic and other MC-mediated conditions

Prostaglandin E2 Prevents Hyperosmolar-Induced Human Mast Cell Activation through Prostanoid Receptors EP2 and EP4.

Background: Mast cells play a critical role in allergic and inflammatory diseases, including exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in asthma. The mechanism underlying EIB is probably related to increased airway fluid osmolarity that activates mast cells to the release inflammatory mediators. These mediators then act on bronchial smooth muscle tocause bronchoconstriction. In parallel, protective substances such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are probably also released and could explain the refractory period observed in patients with EIB. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of PGE2 on osmotically activated mast cells, as a model of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Methods: We used LAD2, HMC-1, CD34-positive, and human lung mast cell lines. Cells underwent a mannitol challenge, and the effects of PGE2 and prostanoid receptor (EP) antagonists for EP14 were assayed on the activated mast cells. Betahexosaminidase release, protein phosphorylation, and calcium mobilization were assessed. Results: Mannitol both induced mast cell degranulation and activated phosphatidyl inositide 3-kinase and mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, thereby causing de novo eicosanoid and cytokine synthesis. The addition of PGE2 significantly reduced mannitol-induced degranulation through EP2 and EP4 receptors, as measured by betahexosaminidase release, and consequently calcium influx. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase,and p38 phosphorylation were diminished when compared with mannitol activation alone. Conclusions: Our data show a protective role for the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 following osmotic changes, through the reduction of human mast cell activity caused by calcium influx impairment and MAP kinase inhibition

Activity of the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin-E prostanoid receptor pathway in mice exposed to house dust mite aeroallergens, and impact of exogenous prostaglandin E2

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂), experimentally administered to asthma patients or assayed in murine models, improves allergen-driven airway inflammation. The mechanisms are unknown, but fluctuations of the endogenous cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin/E prostanoid (EP) receptor pathway activity likely contribute to the clinical outcome. We analyzed the activity of the pathway in mice sensitized to aeroallergens, and then studied its modulation under exogenous PGE₂.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mice were exposed to house dust mite (HDM) aeroallergens, a model that enable us to mimic the development of allergic asthma in humans, and were then treated with either subcutaneous PGE₂or the selective EP1/3 receptor agonist sulprostone. Simultaneously with airway responsiveness and inflammation, lung COX-2 and EP receptor mRNA expression were assessed. Levels of PGE₂, PGI₂, PGD₂were also determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>HDM-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation were accompanied by increased COX-2 mRNA production. In parallel, airway PGE₂and PGI₂, but not PGD₂, were upregulated, and the EP2 receptor showed overexpression. Subcutaneous PGE₂attenuated aeroallergen-driven airway eosinophilic inflammation and reduced endogenous PGE₂and PGI₂production. Sulprostone had neither an effect on airway responsiveness or inflammation nor diminished allergen-induced COX-2 and PGE₂overexpression. Finally, lung EP2 receptor levels remained high in mice treated with PGE₂, but not in those treated with sulprostone.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The lung COX-2/PGE₂/EP2 receptor pathway is upregulated in HDM-exposed mice, possibly as an effort to attenuate allergen-induced airway inflammation. Exogenous PGE₂downregulates its endogenous counterpart but maintains EP2 overexpression, a phenomenon that might be required for administered PGE₂to exert its protective effect.</p

Effects on nasal nitric oxide production of 2 mechanisms of vasoconstriction

Background: Vasoconstrictor drugs reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro by inhibiting the enzyme involved in the regulation of inducible and constitutive NO synthases (iNOS and cNOS). Intranasal vasoconstrictors also decrease nasal NO concentration in vivo. It is as yet unclear if this last finding is due to the effects of the drug on the enzyme or on the vessels. Physical exercise also induces nasal vasoconstriction and reduces nasal resistance. Objectives: The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms involved in xylometazoline-induced reduction of nasal NO concentration. Methods: We compared 2 randomized groups of patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis. The fi rst group (n=24) underwent a physiological nasal vasoconstrictor stimulus (exercise) whereas the second group (n=29) was treated with a nasal vasoconstrictor drug (topical xylometazoline). Nasal volume and NO were determined at baseline and 15 to 20 minutes after the end of each stimulus using acoustic rhinometry and chemiluminescence, respectively. Results: Baseline values of nasal volume and NO did not differ between the 2 groups. Nasal volume increased by 57% (P = .0001) after exercise and 71% (P = .0001) after xylometazoline. Nasal NO decreased (25%, P = .001) after xylometazoline, but not after exercise. Conclusion: Physical exercise and topical xylometazoline cause vasoconstriction and similar effects on nasal volume. In contrast nasal NO decreased with xylometazoline but not after exercise. These fi ndings suggest that vasoconstrictor drugs reduce nasal NO by mechanisms other than vasoconstriction

Angiotensinogen gene G-6A polymorphism influences idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisdisease progression

Angiotensin II is a growth factor that plays a key role in the physiopathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A nucleotide substitution of an adenine instead of a guanine (G-6A) in the proximal promoter region of angiotensinogen (AGT), the precursor of angiotensin II, has been associated with an increased gene transcription rate. In order to investigate whether the G-6A polymorphism of the AGT gene is associated with IPF development, severity and progression, the present study utilised a case–control study design and genotyped G-6A in 219 patients with IPF and 224 control subjects. The distribution of G-6A genotypes and alleles did not significantly differ between cases and controls. The G-6A polymorphism of the AGT gene was not associated with disease severity at diagnosis. The presence of the A allele was strongly associated with increased alveolar arterial oxygen tension difference during follow-up, after controlling for the confounding factors. Higher alveolar arterial oxygen tension changes over time were observed in patients with the AA genotype (0.37¡0.7 mmHg (0.049¡0.093 kPa) per month) compared to GA genotype (0.12¡1 mmHg (0.016¡0.133 kPa) per month) and GG genotype (0.2¡0.6 mmHg (0.027¡0.080 kPa) per month). G-6A polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression but not with disease predisposition. This polymorphism could have a predictive significance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.Supported by grants from FIS-PI; FISPI060064, FIS-IDIBAPS CM05/00118, Sociedad Española de Neumologia y Cirugia Torácica (SEPAR)-Fundación Respira and Faculdade Capivari, Spain.Peer reviewe

Nonallergic asthma and its severity: Biomarkers for its discrimination in peripheral samples

Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous respiratory disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation. It has generally been associated with allergic mechanisms related to type 2 airway inflammation. Nevertheless, between 10 and 33% of asthmatic individuals have nonallergic asthma (NA). Several targeted treatments are in clinical development for patients with Th2 immune response, but few biomarkers are been defined for low or non-Th2-mediated inflammation asthma. We have recently defined by gene expression a set of genes as potential biomarkers of NA, mainly associated with disease severity: IL10, MSR1, PHLDA1, SERPINB2, CHI3L1, IL8, and PI3. Here, we analyzed their protein expression and specificity using sera and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). First, protein quantification was carried out using ELISA (in sera) or Western blot (proteins extracted from PBMCs by Trizol procedure), depending on the biomarker in 30 healthy controls (C) subjects and 30 NA patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed by using the R program to study the specificity and sensitivity of the candidate biomarkers at a gene- and protein expression level. Four kinds of comparisons were performed: total NA group vs C group, severe NA patients vs C, moderate-mild NA patients vs C, and severe NA patients vs moderate-mild NA patients. We found that all the single genes showed good sensitivity vs specificity for some phenotypic discrimination, with CHI3L1 and PI3 exhibiting the best results for C vs NA: CHI3L1 area under the curve (AUC) (CI 95%): 0.95 (0.84-1.00) and PI3 AUC: 0.99 (0.98-1.00); C vs severe NA: PI3 AUC: 1 (0.99-1.00); and C vs moderate-mild NA: CHI3L1 AUC: 1 (0.99-1.00) and PI3 AUC: 0.99 (0.96-1.00). However, the results for discriminating asthma disease and severity with protein expression were better when two or three biomarkers were combined. In conclusion, individual genes and combinations of proteins have been evaluated as reliable biomarkers for classifying NA subjects and their severity. These new panels could be good diagnostic tests.This work was supported in part by research grants supported in part by research grants PI13/01730 and PI17/01682, cofinanced by FEDER, CIBERES (ISCIII, 0013), and RETIC (RD09/0076/00101) from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Spain). SB was supported by Fundación Conchita Rábago. DC was supported by a contract from Comunidad de Madrid (PEJD-2016/BMD-2682, Sistema de Garantía Juvenil), and LC-J was supported by a contract from MINECO (PEJ-2014-A-31609, Sistema de Garantía Juvenil), both cofinanced by Fondo Social Europeo (FSE) and Iniciativa de Empleo Juvenil (IEJ)

Softwares Educativos” Las Vocales” cómo estrategia innovadora para el aprendizaje significativo en el proceso de lectoescritura en los niños y niñas del III nivel de la escuela “Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal” Las Esquinas, San Marcos – Carazo, en el segundo semestre 2018

El presente trabajo investigativo fue realizado por estudiantes de quinto año de Pedagogía con Mención en Educación Infantil, con el fin de colaborar en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en los niños del tercer nivel de educación inicial de la Escuela Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal. La aplicación de la estrategia presentada en este trabajo documental se realizó en tres sesiones clases, las cuales fueron previamente planificadas con anticipación y respetando la estructura de planificación y programación que el docente de educación inicial realiza actualmente, basada en las orientaciones del MINED. La estrategia utilizada favorece el desarrollo de contenidos ayudando a mejorar el proceso de lectoescritura en los niños y niñas de una manera innovadora que despierta el interés de ellos por aprender jugando de manera interactiva, utilizando uno de los ejes trasversales de la educación como es el uso de las TIC. El trabajo investigativo presentado se basa en comprender las experiencias vividas de un grupo de personas en un ambiente natural, en el que se describen las características y perfiles de los protagonistas, utilizando instrumentos de medición predeterminados como la entrevista y la observación, para su aplicación se seleccionó un centro público el que cuenta con la modalidad de educación inicial donde se implementó la estrategia con una población de treinta y nueve estudiantes y una muestra de ocho estudiantes. El Software educativo las vocales está diseñado con un enfoque educativo a nivel de educación inicial, donde el niño, aprende , colorea, practica, une, juega y memoriza las vocales. En la pantalla principal el niño y la niña identifican las vocales en letra cursiva y letra script en mayúscula y minúsculas. Posteriormente se selecciona una de la actividades mencionadas anteriormente donde el niño la realizará poniendo en práctica los conocimientos previamente estudiados desde el aula de clase. Antes de aplicar la estrategia la docente desconocía los beneficios que trae la utilización del software educativo como herramienta pedagógica para el fortalecimiento de los aprendizajes de los niños y niñas desde la educación inicial, el trabajo de la docente era más desgastante puesto que realizaba hojas de aplicación, preparación de materiales, 4 incurría en gastos. La aplicación de la estrategia vino a facilitar la labor docente haciéndolo de una manera más fácil y dinámica, apropiándose de nuevos conocimientos y recursos que facilitan su trabajo. En los niños el uso de la estrategia despierta nuevas habilidades y destrezas en el área cognitiva, fomentando la motivación e interés en la lectoescritura, a la vez apropiándose de nuevos conocimientos en el uso de las herramientas tecnológicas. A nuestro criterio la implementación de la estrategia fue excelente en cuanto pudimos aplicar y evaluarla, logrando que la docente y los niños y niñas se apropiaran de ella y pudieran obtener resultados positivos en el fortalecimiento de la lectoescritura en modalidad de educación inicial